refactor: truly event-driven functional style

src/engine.rs

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-//! This module represents the obscure "side effects" layer of our TUI application.
-//!
-//! It is called engine because it implements the gears that deal with the outside world.
-//!
-//! Thanks to this layer, we can work on the "update" and "render" without having to worry about side effects.
-//!
-//! It knows how to read events from the outside world and how to talk to the terminal.
-//!
-use crate::{
-    model::{Effect, Message, Model},
-    update::update,
-    view::view,
-};
-use color_eyre::Result;
-use crossterm::event;
-use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
-
-pub fn run(model: Model, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal) -> Result<()> {
-    // 1. Render a widget from the current state
-    let widget = view(&model)?;
-
-    terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(widget, frame.area()))?;
-
-    // 2. Read terminal events
-    let message = Message::from(event::read()?);
-
-    // 3. Update the model based on the received events
-    let (model, effect) = update(model, message)?;
-
-    // 4. Run side effects if any
-    if let Effect::Stop = effect {
-        // If side effects were to become more complex,
-        // I'd separate the implementation in a separate module.
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    // 5. Move to the next iteration
-    run(model, terminal)
-}

src/events.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod actor;

src/events/actor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//! Actor responsible of reading terminal input events.
+use crate::model::Message;
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use crossterm::event;
+use std::sync::mpsc::Sender;
+
+pub fn run(tx: Sender<Message>) -> Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        let message = Message::from(event::read()?);
+        tx.send(message)?;
+    }
+}

src/main.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,55 @@
-use model::Model;
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use model::{Message, Model};
+use std::{
+    sync::mpsc::{Sender, channel},
+    thread,
+};
 
-mod engine;
+mod events;
 mod model;
 mod update;
 mod view;
 
-fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
     color_eyre::install()?;
-
     let terminal = ratatui::init();
 
-    engine::run(Model::default(), terminal)?;
+    // Channel for signaling when a task completes
+    let (shutdown_tx, shutdown_rx) = channel::<Result<()>>();
+
+    // Channels for inter-thread communication
+    let (update_tx, update_rx) = channel::<Message>();
+    let (view_tx, view_rx) = channel::<Model>();
+
+    // Spawn order is important.
+    // If the view actor is started after the update actor, it could happen
+    // that both actors have an out of sync version of the model for a bit.
+    spawn_thread(
+        || view::actor::run(Model::default(), terminal, view_rx),
+        shutdown_tx.clone(),
+    );
+
+    spawn_thread(
+        || update::actor::run(Model::default(), update_rx, view_tx),
+        shutdown_tx.clone(),
+    );
+
+    spawn_thread(|| events::actor::run(update_tx), shutdown_tx.clone());
+
+    let result = shutdown_rx.recv();
 
     ratatui::restore();
-    Ok(())
+
+    result?
+}
+
+fn spawn_thread<F>(callback: F, shutdown: Sender<Result<()>>) -> thread::JoinHandle<()>
+where
+    F: FnOnce() -> Result<()>,
+    F: Send + 'static,
+{
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        let result = callback();
+        let _ = shutdown.send(result);
+    })
 }

src/model.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,28 @@
 //! from the outside world and the effects that can be produced.
 use crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind, KeyModifiers};
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-pub struct Model {}
+pub struct Model {
+    pub counter: u64,
+}
+
+impl Model {
+    pub fn increment_counter(model: Model) -> Model {
+        Model {
+            counter: model.counter + 1,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn decrement_counter(model: Model) -> Model {
+        let counter = if model.counter == 0 {
+            0
+        } else {
+            model.counter - 1
+        };
+
+        Model { counter }
+    }
+}
 
 pub enum Effect {
     Stop,
@@ -13,7 +33,9 @@ pub enum Effect {
 }
 
 pub enum Message {
-    ExitKeyPressed,
+    IncCounter,
+    DecCounter,
+    Exit,
     NoOp,
 }
 
@@ -25,14 +47,28 @@ impl From<crossterm::event::Event> for Message {
                 kind: KeyEventKind::Press,
                 state: _,
                 modifiers: _,
-            }) => Self::ExitKeyPressed,
+            }) => Self::Exit,
+
+            Event::Key(KeyEvent {
+                code: KeyCode::Right,
+                kind: KeyEventKind::Press,
+                state: _,
+                modifiers: _,
+            }) => Self::IncCounter,
+
+            Event::Key(KeyEvent {
+                code: KeyCode::Left,
+                kind: KeyEventKind::Press,
+                state: _,
+                modifiers: _,
+            }) => Self::DecCounter,
 
             Event::Key(KeyEvent {
                 code: KeyCode::Char('c') | KeyCode::Char('C'),
                 modifiers: KeyModifiers::CONTROL,
                 kind: KeyEventKind::Press,
                 state: _,
-            }) => Self::ExitKeyPressed,
+            }) => Self::Exit,
 
             Event::FocusGained
             | Event::FocusLost

src/update.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,2 @@
-//! Elm-like update function.
+pub mod actor;
-//!
+mod core;
-//! Given the current state (model) and an incoming message from the outside world,
-//! return a new state and a side effect.
-use crate::model::{Effect, Message, Model};
-use color_eyre::Result;
-
-pub fn update(model: Model, msg: Message) -> Result<(Model, Effect)> {
-    match msg {
-        Message::ExitKeyPressed => Ok((model, Effect::Stop)),
-        Message::NoOp => Ok((model, Effect::Continue)),
-    }
-}

src/update/actor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! Actor responsible of maintaining the state of the application.
+//! Other actors can query the state of the model or send updates.
+use crate::model::{Effect, Message, Model};
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender};
+
+use crate::update::core;
+
+pub fn run(mut model: Model, rx: Receiver<Message>, tx: Sender<Model>) -> Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        let Ok(msg) = rx.recv() else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        let (new_model, effect) = core::update(model, msg)?;
+
+        // TODO: Run effects in a separate thread
+        if let Effect::Stop = effect {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        // Send the updated version of the model
+        tx.send(new_model.clone())?;
+
+        model = new_model;
+    }
+}

src/update/core.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//! Elm-like update function.
+//!
+//! Given the current state (model) and an incoming message from the outside world,
+//! return a new state and a side effect.
+use crate::model::{Effect, Message, Model};
+use color_eyre::Result;
+
+pub fn update(model: Model, msg: Message) -> Result<(Model, Effect)> {
+    match msg {
+        Message::Exit => Ok((model, Effect::Stop)),
+        Message::NoOp => Ok((model, Effect::Continue)),
+        Message::IncCounter => Ok((Model::increment_counter(model), Effect::Continue)),
+        Message::DecCounter => Ok((Model::decrement_counter(model), Effect::Continue)),
+    }
+}

src/view.rs

@@ -1,27 +1,2 @@
-//! Elm-like View function.
+pub mod actor;
-//!
+mod core;
-//! Given the current state (read-only), return a drawable widget.
-use crate::model::Model;
-use color_eyre::Result;
-use ratatui::{
-    style::Stylize,
-    text::Line,
-    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget},
-};
-
-pub fn view(_model: &Model) -> Result<impl Widget> {
-    let title = Line::from("Ratatui Simple Template")
-        .bold()
-        .blue()
-        .centered();
-
-    let text = "Hello, Ratatui!\n\n\
-            Created using https://github.com/ratatui/templates\n\
-            Press `Esc`, `Ctrl-C` or `q` to stop running.";
-
-    let widget = Paragraph::new(text)
-        .block(Block::bordered().title(title))
-        .centered();
-
-    Ok(widget)
-}

src/view/actor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Actor responsible of rendering the model into the terminal.
+// Here we can configure how many frames per second we want to render.
+use crate::model::Model;
+use crate::view::core;
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::DefaultTerminal;
+use std::sync::mpsc::Receiver;
+
+pub fn run(mut model: Model, mut terminal: DefaultTerminal, rx: Receiver<Model>) -> Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        let widget = core::view(&model)?;
+
+        terminal.draw(|frame| frame.render_widget(widget, frame.area()))?;
+
+        let Ok(new_model) = rx.recv() else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        model = new_model;
+    }
+}

src/view/core.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//! Elm-like View function.
+//!
+//! Given the current state (read-only), return a drawable widget.
+use crate::model::Model;
+use color_eyre::Result;
+use ratatui::{
+    style::Stylize,
+    text::Line,
+    widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Widget},
+};
+
+pub fn view(model: &Model) -> Result<impl Widget> {
+    let counter = model.counter;
+
+    let title = Line::from("Ratatui Actor-based Counter")
+        .bold()
+        .blue()
+        .centered();
+
+    let text = format!(
+        r#"Counter TUI!
+        
+Counter: {counter}
+        
+Press `Esc`, `Ctrl-C` or `q` to stop running."#
+    );
+
+    let widget = Paragraph::new(text)
+        .block(Block::bordered().title(title))
+        .centered();
+
+    Ok(widget)
+}